Rabu, 24 Agustus 2011

ScienceDaily Top Science Headlines -- for Wednesday, August 24, 2011

ScienceDaily Top Science Headlines

for Wednesday, August 24, 2011

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Permafrost could release vast amounts of carbon and accelerate climate change by end of century (August 24, 2011) -- Billions of tons of carbon trapped in permafrost may be released into the atmosphere by the end of this century as the Earth's climate changes, further accelerating global warming, a new computer modeling study. The study also found that soil in high-latitude regions could shift from being a sink to a source of carbon dioxide by the end of the 21st century as the soil warms in response to climate change. ... > full story

Coriander oil could tackle food poisoning and drug-resistant infections (August 24, 2011) -- Coriander oil has been shown to be toxic to a broad range of harmful bacteria. Its use in foods and in clinical agents could prevent food-borne illnesses and even treat antibiotic-resistant infections, according to a new study. ... > full story

Scientist discovers genetic factor implicated in heartbeat defect (August 24, 2011) -- Researchers have discovered how gene regulation can make hearts beat out of sync, offering new hope for the millions who suffer from a potentially fatal heart condition. In a new paper, the scientists announce the identity of the molecular regulator that uses electrical impulses to synchronize each heartbeat. ... > full story

Diastolic dysfunction appears to worsen over time; associated with increased risk of heart failure (August 24, 2011) -- A follow-up of participants in a heart function study finds that the prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (left ventricular filling [with blood] is abnormal and is accompanied by elevated filling pressures) had increased; that diastolic function had worsened in a nearly a quarter of patients; and that participants who had diastolic dysfunction were more likely to develop heart failure, according to a new study. ... > full story

Hake population has withstood overfishing, thanks to the warming of the sea (August 24, 2011) -- Hake is constantly being fished in the waters of the European Atlantic Ocean and, nevertheless, resists stock depletion relatively well. At times nature is capable of correcting the mistakes made by humans, new research suggests. The environment has favored the hake fish since the 1990s: The sea has turned milder, and so larvae have grown better and faster. ... > full story

Poverty and national parks: Decade-long study finds surprising relationship (August 24, 2011) -- If so many poor people live around national parks in developing countries, does that mean that these parks are contributing to their poverty? Yes, according to the conventional wisdom, but no, according to a 10-year study of people living around Kibale National Park in Uganda. ... > full story

Ancient 'daddy long legs' revealed in 3-D models (August 24, 2011) -- Two ancient types of harvestmen, or 'daddy long legs,' which skittered around forests more than 300 million years ago, are revealed in new three-dimensional virtual fossil models. ... > full story

Physicians' exposure to radiation prompt cellular changes that may protect the body from harm (August 24, 2011) -- Cardiologists who perform heart operations using X-ray guided catheters are exposed to ionizing radiation at levels two to three times higher per year than those experienced by radiologists. Now, new research has found the first evidence that these constant, high levels of exposure cause changes at cell level that might represent the body's way of protecting itself against the harmful effects of radiation. ... > full story

Blood vessels participate in the eradication of tumors (August 24, 2011) -- Breast cancer: For the first time, very specific blood vessels have been discovered in tumors. These vessels facilitate the access of certain white blood cells, known as “killer lymphocytes”, into tumor tissues and thus lead to the efficient destruction of tumors. ... > full story

Patients discharged from a hospital at increased risk of unintentional discontinuation of medications for chronic diseases (August 24, 2011) -- Following discharge from a hospital, patients are at an increased risk of unintentional discontinuation of commonly prescribed chronic disease medications, with this risk even greater for patients who were admitted to an intensive care unit, according to a new study. ... > full story

Research vessel Polarstern at North Pole (August 24, 2011) -- On Aug. 22, 2011, the research icebreaker Polarstern reached the North Pole. The aim of the current expedition is to document changes in the far north. The researchers on board are conducting an investigation of water, ice and air at the North Pole. The little sea ice cover makes the route via the pole to the investigational area in the Canadian Arctic possible. ... > full story

Deaths from strong prescription painkillers are on the increase, experts say (August 24, 2011) -- Action is needed to tackle the increasing number of deaths in the United States and Canada from prescription painkillers known as opioids, say experts. ... > full story

Ancient wild horses help unlock past (August 23, 2011) -- An international team of researchers has used ancient DNA to produce compelling evidence that the lack of genetic diversity in modern stallions is the result of the domestication process. The team has carried out the first study on Y chromosomal DNA sequences from extinct ancient wild horses and found an abundance of diversity. ... > full story

Scientists define cellular pathway essential to removing damaged mitochondria (August 23, 2011) -- Researchers have defined a specific protein complex that allows cells to rid themselves of damaged mitochondria, which are the energy producing machines of the cell. ... > full story

Quick and cheap data storage? New multiferroic material is both electrically charged and magnetic (August 23, 2011) -- Researchers have engineered a material that exhibits a rare and versatile trait in magnetism at room temperature. It's called a "multiferroic," and it means that the material has properties allowing it to be both electrically charged (ferroelectric) and also the ability to be magnetic (ferromagnetic), with its magnetization controlled by electricity. ... > full story

Novel cytokine protects mice from colitis (August 23, 2011) -- Inflammatory bowel disease, which affects more than 1 million patients in North America, results from an uncontrolled immune response triggered by environmental factors, such as bacteria, in people genetically predisposed to the disorder. Researchers have discovered that expression of a newly identified human cytokine -- interleukin 37 -- protects mice from colitis. ... > full story

Exploring the possibilities for zeolites: Team creates database of 2.6 million varieties of molecular sieves (August 23, 2011) -- A new paper hints at the untapped possibilities for making synthetic zeolites -- microporous materials that are used as molecular sieves and catalysts for everything from petroleum processing to nuclear waste disposal. Using computer models, researchers compiled a list of 2.6 million potential zeolite structures that are searchable by geometric arrangement, crystallographic structure and other criteria. ... > full story

Economic inequality is linked to biased self-perception (August 23, 2011) -- Pretty much everybody thinks they're better than average. But in some cultures, people are more self-aggrandizing than in others. Until now, national differences in "self-enhancement" have been chalked up to an East-West individualism-versus-collectivism divide. ... > full story

World-record pulsed magnetic field achieved; Lab moves closer to 100-tesla mark (August 23, 2011) -- Researchers have set a new world record for the strongest magnetic field produced by a nondestructive magnet. The scientists achieved a field of 92.5 tesla on Thursday, Aug. 18, taking back a record that had been held by a team of German scientists and then, the following day, surpassed their achievement with a whopping 97.4-tesla field. Such a powerful nondestructive magnet could have a profound impact on a wide range of scientific investigations, from how to design and control material functionality to research into the microscopic behavior of phase transitions. ... > full story

Inactivity linked to risk factors for Type 2 diabetes (August 23, 2011) -- As the number of people diagnosed with diabetes continues to grow, researchers are focusing on discovering why the prevalence of the disease is increasing. New research finds that ceasing regular physical activity impairs glycemic control (control of blood sugar levels), suggesting that inactivity may play a key role in the development of Type 2 diabetes. ... > full story

New set of building blocks for simple synthesis of complex molecules (August 23, 2011) -- Assembling chemicals can be like putting together a puzzle. Chemists have developed a way of fitting the pieces together to more efficiently build complex molecules, beginning with a powerful and promising antioxidant. ... > full story

Melanin's 'trick' for maintaining radioprotection studied (August 23, 2011) -- Researchers have made new insights into the electrochemical mechanism that gives the complex polymer known as melanin its long-term ability to protect some species from ionizing radiation, with a goal of using that knowledge to develop materials that mimic those natural properties. ... > full story

Text search tool for electronic medical records shows promise for identifying postoperative complications (August 23, 2011) -- Use of natural language processing, such as in the form of free-text searches of electronic medical records (EMRs) of clinical and progress notes of patients performed better at identifying postoperative surgical complications than the commonly used administrative data codes in EMRs, according to a new study. ... > full story

Older adults are better at decision-making than young adults (August 23, 2011) -- We make decisions all our lives -- so you'd think we'd get better and better at it. Yet research has shown that younger adults are better decision-makers than older ones. Some psychologists, puzzled by these findings, suspected the experiments were biased toward younger brains. ... > full story

Filling without drilling: Pain-free way of tackling dental decay reverses acid damage and re-builds teeth (August 23, 2011) -- Researchers in the UK have discovered a pain-free way of tackling dental decay that reverses the damage of acid attack and rebuilds teeth as new. The pioneering treatment promises to transform the approach to filling teeth forever. ... > full story

Stem cell study offers hope for Parkinson's patients (August 23, 2011) -- Scientists have for the first time generated stem cells from one of the most rapidly progressing forms of Parkinson's disease. The development will help research into the condition as it will enable scientists to model the disease in the laboratory to shed light on why certain nerve cells die. ... > full story

Nickel nanoparticles may contribute to lung cancer (August 23, 2011) -- Lab experiments find that nickel particles with diameters billionths of a meter wide can trigger a cellular pathway that promotes cancer growth. ... > full story

Brain tumors found to have a two-tier system (August 23, 2011) -- Scientists have completed the largest ever molecular-biological analysis of ependymoma, a dangerous brain tumor in children. They were able to define two distinct subgroups of ependymoma which differ both genetically and clinically. The researchers will now use these results to gain a better understanding of the causes of ependymoma and to develop more targeted treatment approaches. ... > full story

Food security helps wildlife (August 23, 2011) -- A new study documents the success of a Wildlife Conservation Society program that uses an innovative business model to improve rural livelihoods while restoring local wildlife populations. ... > full story

Two-year-old children understand complex grammar (August 23, 2011) -- Psychologists in the UK have found that children as young as two years old have an understanding of complex grammar even before they have learned to speak in full sentences. ... > full story

Nano bundles pack a powerful punch: Solid-state energy storage takes a leap forward (August 23, 2011) -- Researchers have created a solid-state, nanotube-based supercapacitor that promises to combine the best qualities of high-energy batteries and fast-charging capacitors in a device suitable for extreme environments. ... > full story

New research links obesity with heart rhythm disorder (August 23, 2011) -- New research shows for the first time that obesity directly causes electrical abnormalities of the heart. ... > full story

Low oxygen triggers moth molt: Caterpillars have a respiratory system that is fixed in size (August 23, 2011) -- A new explanation for one of nature's most mysterious processes, the transformation of caterpillars into moths or butterflies, might best be described as breathless. The research shows that a baby moth's respiratory system is fixed in size at each stage of development, which limits its oxygen intake. ... > full story

Seventeen percent of cancer nurses unintentionally exposed to chemotherapy, study finds (August 23, 2011) -- Nearly 17 percent of nurses who work in outpatient chemotherapy infusion centers reported being exposed on their skin or eyes to the toxic drugs they deliver, according to a new study. ... > full story

Southern South American wildfires expected to increase (August 23, 2011) -- A new study indicates a major climate oscillation in the Southern Hemisphere that is expected to intensify in the coming decades will likely cause increased wildfire activity in the southern half of South America. ... > full story

Is marriage good for the heart? (August 23, 2011) -- Giving your heart to a supportive spouse turns out to be an excellent way to stay alive, according to new research. Happily wedded people who undergo coronary bypass surgery are more than three times as likely to be alive 15 years later as their unmarried counterparts, reports a new study. ... > full story

Neuroscientists identify brain activity that predicts how well you will remember images (August 23, 2011) -- Our memories work better when our brains are prepared to absorb new information, according to a new study. Scientists have now shown that activity in a specific part of the brain, known as the parahippocampal cortex, predicts how well people will remember a visual scene. ... > full story

Saffron shows promise in preventing liver cancer, study suggests (August 23, 2011) -- New research suggests that saffron provides a significant chemopreventive effect against liver cancer in animal models. When saffron was administered to rats with diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer an inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis was observed. ... > full story

Regenerative powers in the animal kingdom explored (August 23, 2011) -- Why can one animal re-grow tissues and recover function after injury, while another animal (such as a human being) cannot? This is a central question of regenerative biology, a field that has captured the imagination of scientists and the public since the 18th century, and one that is finally gaining traction and momentum through modern methods of analysis. ... > full story

Helping eye care providers better assess driving in older adults (August 23, 2011) -- Drivers over age 65 are the fastest-growing segment of the driving population, and their eye care providers -- ophthalmologists and optometrists -- are playing an increasingly important role in assessing their ability to drive safely. ... > full story

Genetic markers show something fishy with certified Chilean sea bass sales (August 23, 2011) -- A population biologist has found that not all certified Chilean sea bass are what they are claimed to be. Some fish sold in stores are not from the fishing grounds certified as sustainable, and some are not Chilean sea bass at all. ... > full story

For depression, relapsers go to the front of the brain (August 23, 2011) -- Depression is increasingly recognized as an illness that strikes repeatedly over the lifespan, creating cycles of relapse and recovery. This sobering knowledge has prompted researchers to search for markers of relapse risk in people who have recovered from depression. A new paper suggests that when formerly depressed people experience mild states of sadness, the nature of their brains' response can predict whether or not they will become depressed again. ... > full story

Not so fast: Lasting evolutionary change takes about one million years, researchers find (August 23, 2011) -- In research that will help address a long-running debate and apparent contradiction between short- and long-term evolutionary change, scientists have discovered that although evolution is a constant and sometimes rapid process, the changes that hit and stick tend to take a long time. Give or take a little, one million years seems to be the magic number. ... > full story

New target for treatment of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes identified (August 23, 2011) -- Researchers have shown that an enzyme found in the mitochondria of cells is decreased in the skeletal muscle of those with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, a finding that could lead to the development of drugs to boost the activity of this enzyme in an effort to fight both conditions. ... > full story

Stress can affect future offspring (August 23, 2011) -- Rats exposed to stress during early development inherit the effects of that stress to their offspring, largely expressed in behavior impairments but also characteristics of resilience, shows a new study. Providing environmental enrichment to the future mother rats had a remedial role on some of the negative effects. ... > full story

Older adults with too much salt in diet and too little exercise at greater risk of cognitive decline, study finds (August 23, 2011) -- Older adults who lead sedentary lifestyles and consume a lot of sodium in their diet may be putting themselves at risk for more than just heart disease. A new study has found evidence that high-salt diets coupled with low physical activity can be detrimental to cognitive health in older adults. ... > full story

Chemists discover most naturally variable protein in dental plaque bacterium (August 23, 2011) -- Chemists have discovered the most naturally variable protein known to date in a bacterium that is a key player in the formation of dental plaque. ... > full story

Extreme negative anti-smoking ads can backfire, experts find (August 23, 2011) -- Researchers have found that using a combination of disturbing images and threatening messages to prevent smoking is not effective and could potentially cause an unexpected reaction. ... > full story


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